The Stress Level and Academic Performances for Chinese Overseas Research Paper

Melanie Phillips Essay Example

Melanie Phillips Essay Example Melanie Phillips Essay Melanie Phillips Essay Melanie Phillips article is about how she feels about viciousness on T.V and video. The article contains Melanie Phillips solid sentiments and perspectives on video viciousness and how she is against it. She needs everybody to know about what is happening on T.V and video and cautioning guardians to secure their children.The feature is intended to stand out in light of the fact that it makes you think. The word average quality has 2 implications, center state or inferior and it doesnt state which one she implies so that is there to confound you. It likewise gives you the possibility of average quality battling which is very astonishing. The average quality should be the majority who are administered by the ground-breaking so on the off chance that they opposed the ground-breaking pioneers it would be a surprise.The brutal truth part appears to repudiate its self in light of the fact that reality isnt generally savage which would perplex the peruser yet what Melanie Phillips implies b y vicious truth is reality with regards to savagery on T.V and video. She is against fierce films, recordings and TV projects and kids having the option to see them. She doesnt like kids emulating the savagery they see on T.V and video that are being communicated promptly toward the evening with the goal that the kids can watch it.The feature could likewise imply that individuals who wont acknowledge the fact of the matter are mediocre.In the initial sections Melanie Philips utilizes a conversational tone to lure you into perusing her perspectives. She additionally utilizes non-serious inquiries to cause it to feel like she is conversing with you.Well, are you for video savagery or against it?Melanie Phillips really opens her article with a non-serious inquiry which causes you to feel included and that your sentiments are esteemed. Non-serious inquiries and conversational tone are powerful on the grounds that it causes it to feel like Melanie Phillips is having a discussion with the peruser and it gives the content a characteristic feel.No one would really answer her second expository question:Do you figure youngsters should keep on being abused for business benefit by irreverent movie producers etc.Which likewise allows the peruser to consider their perspectives on video violence.Melanie Phillips answers the vast majority of her own explanatory questionsYou do?You dont?At the beginning Melanie Phillips makes a stunning logical inconsistency when she professes to compliment the individuals who concur with video brutality and affront the ones who dont which stuns the peruser in light of the fact that what they have perused so far sounds like she is against it.Another strategy that Melanie Phillips utilizes is emotive language that is intended to disturb the peruser. Utilizing solid words like unequivocal corruption is intended to alert the peruser and helps put over her ground-breaking views.Amoral movie producers selling pictures of twistedness, unnecessary vi ciousness and unequivocal degradation.She additionally utilizes slang articulations, which likewise adds to the impression she is conversing with you personally.Come on now dont evade the question.Melanie Phillips utilizes mockery when she discusses Michael Winner and Dr Guy Cumberbatch. She considers Michael Winner an exploiter, which is her genuine assessment of him yet she wryly adjusts herself and calls him an innovative craftsman, which is his assessment of himself. Also, again for Dr Cumberbatch, she says he utilizes misuse, which is the thing that she thinks it is and afterward wryly rectifies herself and calls it imaginative opportunity which they state it is.It is an astute method of putting over her perspectives and not getting into trouble.Melanie Phillips begins with very long sentence and utilizing just little words however as the article wears on she begins to utilize cunning long words that mean equivalent to a long sentence of little words. This represents her enormo us jargon. Short, confused sentences are more successful than long, basic ones since it puts over her perspectives and makes her look clever simultaneously however long, basic sentences dont have a similar impact that short, convoluted one do in light of the fact that they sit around idly and dont make the essayist sound as intelligent.Crime is an entangled lattice of causes.The sentences lose their casualness after the initial barely any passages and begin to utilize progressively formal language. The words get longer and increasingly troublesome which replaces the slang toward the beginning of the article. It quits seeming like she is conversing with you and progressively like a griping letter to a TV company.The content says completely through that brutality affects kids however it needs proof and it seems like she invests more energy scoffing than discovering confirmation and demonstrating her point. She doesnt give the peruser any evidence so it is extremely just Melanie Philli ps own assessment, which is insufficient. On the off chance that she had given the peruser a biography of a kid who had replicated something off T.V and said what he/she had done then her point would have been put across more viably and it would be additionally fascinating to peruse. She likewise neglected to state what the American research had seen whether anything. The article is baffling in that respect.The picture is viable as a result of its strength. It has a trace of silliness in it with the clapboard sound of music 2 lunatic nun.The fat chief has forceful non-verbal communication, and malice look, attempting to look youthful by uncovering his bushy chest and his cash molded emblems and hopes to have an extremely uproarious voice even without his amplifier. He appears as though he is splattered with blood which means that he brings in his cash from savagery and the contence in his cup looks progressively like an elixir and not a beverage. The image accentuates Melanie Philli ps sees on flippant filmmakers.My conclusion is that there is a great deal of brutality on T.V and video now and some receptive youngsters may duplicate what they see on T.V however it is truly dependent upon the guardians to choose whether or not they need their kids to see it or not. In the event that guardians dont need their kids viewing the viciousness, at that point they shouldnt purchase the recordings, or they should change the channel and not ruin it for the individuals who dont mind the brutality with their whimpering. If they somehow managed to drop everything vicious then they would need to drop the news and most cartoons.The article has an exceptionally compelling opening that attracts the peruser with a facetious inquiry and conversational tone however as the peruser peruses on it begins to get progressively genuine and less powerful. At the point when the conversational tone stops and she begins to attempt to demonstrate her point, the absence of strong proof doesnt p ersuade the peruser. Along these lines, by and large the article has an exceptionally successful opening yet loses its effect toward the end.

Clinically Significant Depression Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Clinically Significant Depression Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Depression Print An Overview of Clinically Significant Depression By Lauren DiMaria linkedin Lauren DiMaria is a member of the Society of Clinical Research Associates and childhood psychology expert. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren DiMaria Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 01, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids kieferpix / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment   Coping View All The word depression is often casually used to describe symptoms ranging from sadness to irritability. However, clinically significant depression occurs when a persons symptoms reach a specific threshold and qualify as an official diagnosis.?? To meet the criteria for clinically significant depression, an individuals distress level must impair daily functioningâ€"which is not the same as feeling down or sad.?? Everyone feels down sometimes and periods of sadness can be normal. However, a person with clinically significant depression experiences sadness, diminished interest in activities they used to enjoy, and several other symptoms of depression to such an extent that it interferes with their ability to function in their daily lives. Someone who is sad but can still work and socialize typically doesn’t meet the threshold for clinically significant depression. However, a person who has been missing classes at school because they are unable to get out of bed or has fallen behind in their work due to the inability to concentrate may be clinically depressed. Symptoms The symptoms of clinically significant depression are differentiated from occasional feelings of low mood and sadness because they are persistent.   Verywell / Joshua Seong Someone who feels sad for a day or even a week generally wont meet the criteria for clinically significant depression, assuming the symptoms resolve.?? If symptoms don’t get better after two weeks and cause a major change to the person’s ability to function, they may be experiencing clinically significant depression.??   Symptoms that may indicate depression include: Sadness, tearfulness, or frequent cryingFeelings of guilt, hopelessness, or worthlessnessInsomnia or sleeping too much  Fatigue, low energy, and reduced motivationEating more or less than usual; weight loss or gainRestlessness, feeling “fidgety,” agitation, and anxietyTrouble completing tasks such as self-care and household choresNo interest or enjoyment of activities you used to like (hobbies)Difficulty concentrating, focusing, and making decisions  Thinking about death or dying, having suicidal thoughts, or self-harm If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. Depression vs. Grief It can be difficult to diagnose clinically significant depression in someone who is experiencing grief. Distinguishing grief from depression can be a challenge because although they are distinct from one another, they can coexist.?? It’s expected that someone could feel overwhelming sadness and other symptoms of clinical depression after experiencing a major loss. Symptoms of grief usually get better over time, but if they don’t, someone who is grieving may be diagnosed with depression. A person whose symptoms arent clinically significant may still experience distress even if they do not meet the criteria for a depressive disorder. Sadness may resolve on its own over time or with support from friends and family. However, if it progresses to clinically significant depression, a person may need to seek treatment from their doctor or mental health professional.   Grief vs. Depression: Which Is It? Causes Depression is thought to have many potential causes and researchers generally believe that several different factors come together for the condition to develop. Certain factors like a persons environment and genetics can make someone more prone to becoming depressed in their lifetime. Biological and physical changes, such as shifting hormones during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause can also lead to symptoms of depression. The cause of depression may not be obviously linked to a predisposition or event in a persons life. Sometimes people develop depression and feel there is no reason for them to feel down. However, the ways in which the brain, its chemistry, and other parts of the body (such as the gut) contribute to depression are very complex. Verywell / Joshua Seong While the causes may be different for each person with the condition, depression itself is very common. The World Health Organization estimates that around 300 million people in the world are depressed.?? An estimated 6.7% of adults in the United States experienced a major depressive episode at some point in the past year.?? Anyone can experience an episode of clinically significant depression at any stage of lifeâ€"including children and teens. Around 3.2 million youth between the ages of 12â€"17 in the U.S. report experiencing at least one episode of major depression in the last year.?? Unfortunately, many ?kids and teens with depression dont get diagnosed or treated, as the symptoms of depression may be missed or attributed to other reasons, such as behavioral problems.   Older adults and the elderly are also at risk for depression. Factors like social isolation, health problems, and the emotional process of aging may contribute to clinically significant symptoms of depression.??   Diagnosis There are several different types of depression. Each varies in duration, timing, presumed causes, and symptoms. The most effective treatment will also vary for each type as well as each person.   Some of the most common depressive disorders categorized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) include:?? Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder: Diagnosis for children who have frequent temper outbursts, anger, and irritability.Major depressive disorder (MDD): Diagnosed after a two week period of intense sadness and/or loss of interest in almost all activities with several other common symptoms of depression.Persistent depressive disorder (PDD): Chronic symptoms of depression that can last for two or more years.Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): Depressive symptoms that begin shortly before the onset of menses in the majority of menstrual cycles. History of DSM Diagnostic Criteria The criteria for diagnosing mood disorders and their clinical significance are set by the DSM. Every few years, the DSM is updated and the criteria for diagnosing mental illnesses can change.   Throughout the history of the DSM, the criteria for depressive disorders has shifted several times. The DSM-III had a broad set of diagnostic criteria for mental illness. In 2000, the DSM-IV added clinically significant distress and impairment” to the diagnostic criteria for all mental disorders.   The team of professionals who contribute to the updated DSM added clinically significant distress and impairment” to narrow mental illness diagnosis from people who are showing symptoms to those whose symptoms create serious problems for them in their daily lives.   When the DSM-5 was released in 2013, the standards for clinical significance carried over. The editors also added several severity measures to fine-tune the diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders. Treatment   If your doctor determines that you have clinically significant symptoms of depression, they will likely want to discuss treatment. The options for treatment will depend on how you experience your symptoms as well as your doctor’s perception of them as they relate to the DSM criteria.?? Your doctor may suggest you try treatment for your symptoms even if they are not certain of your diagnosis. You will need to weigh the treatment’s pros and cons and decide if this is a course of action you are comfortable with.   The Best Online Help Resources for Depression Your doctor may want to “watch and wait”  to see if your symptoms get better on their ownâ€"particularly if they are situational (i.e., they began after a major change or loss in your life). During this time, your doctor may suggest you make some lifestyle changes to help manage stress and improve your mood, such as regular exercise.   Once you have started treatment for depression, it may take time for you to feel the treatments benefits. You may need to try more than one type of treatment or even use multiple treatments at the same time to effectively manage your symptoms.   Depression Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Many people with depression find a combination of antidepressant medications and therapy to be helpful. You may decide to try one or the otherâ€"or neither. There are also other ways to approach treating depression, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), alternative and complementary treatments, and lifestyle changes.   How to Tell If Your Depression Is Getting Better Coping As with any mental illness, there are ways to cope with your symptoms and live well with depression. If you are having symptoms of depression but your doctor is not yet sure if they are clinically significant, you may be unsure of what (if any) steps you should take. Even if your doctor has not yet recommended treatment, such as medication or therapy, there are some things you can do to help manage your symptoms.   Build a support system. Having people in your life who are positive, supportive, and accepting is essential for mental health and well-being even if you don’t have depression. When you’re having trouble coping with your day-to-day life due to symptoms of depression, having a solid support system in place is even more vital. Look to friends, family, and your community for people you can trust and be yourself around. Doctors and mental health professionals are also part of your team, so it’s important you feel comfortable speaking openly with them about how you feel.  Take care of your body. Eating a varied and balanced diet; staying hydrated; avoiding drugs, tobacco, and alcohol; getting regular exercise; and sticking to a sleep routine are all lifestyle changes you can undertake on your own to help manage symptoms of depression. Sometimes, making changes in these areas significantly improves mood.    Keep stress in check. Learning to identify sources of stress in your life, how it affects your mind and body, and finding effective ways to cope are all part of managing symptoms of depression whether they are temporary or long-term. Stress can have a profound impact on your physical and mental health. Finding healthy ways to manage it is one of the most important things you can do for your overall well-being.   A Word From Verywell If you’re having symptoms of depression, talk to your doctor. Although the DSM provides guidelines for diagnosing and treating depressive disorders, your experience of your symptoms as well as your doctor’s perception of them are largely subjective, which can make it difficult to determine if you have clinically significant depression. Your doctor may want to wait and see if your symptoms improve with time (especially if they develop after a major life event or loss). However, if your symptoms interfere with your daily life at school or work or are keeping you from socializing, you may meet the diagnostic criteria for clinically significant depression, in which case your doctor may suggest treatment options for you to consider.   7 Types of Depression You May Not Know About

Selected Poem Verses From William Butler Yeats

Here are the opening poem lyrics excerpted from some of the best William Butler Yeats poetry. To make your browsing more effective, we have included a bit of each poem after the title. A Poet to His Beloved I bring you with reverent handsThe books of my numberless dreams,White woman that passion has wornAs the tide wears the dove-grey sands†¦ A Prayer for My Daughter Once more the storm is howling, and half hidUnder this cradle-hood and coverlidMy child sleeps on. There is no obstacleBut Gregorys wood and one bare hill†¦ A Prayer for My Son Bid a strong ghost stand at the headThat my Michael may sleep sound,Nor cry, nor turn in the bedTill his morning meal come round†¦ A Prayer on Going Into My House God grant a blessing on this tower and cottageAnd on my heirs, if all remain unspoiled,No table or chair or stool not simple enoughFor shepherd lads in Galilee; and grant†¦ Aedh Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven Had I the heavens embroidered cloths,Enwrought with golden and silver light,The blue and the dim and the dark clothsOf night and light and the half light†¦ Among School Children I walk through the long schoolroom questioning;A kind old nun in a white hood replies;The children learn to cipher and to sing,To study reading-books and histories†¦ An Irish Airman Foresees His Death I know that I shall meet my fateSomewhere among the clouds above;Those that I fight I do not hate,Those that I guard I do not love†¦ Are You Content? I call on those that call me son,Grandson, or great-grandson,On uncles, aunts, great-uncles or great-aunts,To judge what I have done. Before the World Was Made If I make the lashes darkAnd the eyes more brightAnd the lips more scarlet,Or ask if all be right†¦ Beggar to Beggar Cried Time to put off the world and go somewhereAnd find my health again in the sea air,Beggar to beggar cried, being frenzy-struck,And make my soul before my pate is bare. Byzantium The unpurged images of day recede;The Emperors drunken soldiery are abed;Night resonance recedes, night walkers songAfter great cathedral gong†¦ Crazy Jane on God That lover of a nightCame when he would,Went in the dawning lightWhether I would or no†¦ Death Nor dread nor hope attendA dying animal;A man awaits his endDreading and hoping all†¦ Demon and Beast For certain minutes at the leastThat crafty demon and that loud beastThat plague me day and nightRan out of my sight... Easter, 1916 I have met them at close of dayComing with vivid facesFrom counter or desk among greyEighteenth-century houses. Ephemera Your eyes that once were never weary of mineAre bowed in sorrow under pendulous lids,Because our love is waning.And then She†¦ Fallen Majesty Although crowds gathered once if she but showed her face,And even old mens eyes grew dim, this hand alone,Like some last courtier at a gypsy camping-placeBabbling of fallen majesty, records whats gone. He Bids His Beloved Be at Peace I hear the Shadowy Horses, their long manes a-shake,Their hoofs heavy with tumult, their eyes glimmeringwhite; The North unfolds above them clinging, creepingnight, The East her hidden joy before the morning break†¦ He Remembers Forgotten Beauty When my arms wrap you round I pressMy heart upon the lovelinessThat has long faded from the world;The jewelled crowns that kings have hurled†¦ He Thinks of Those Who Have Spoken Evil of His Beloved Half close your eyelids, loosen your hair,And dream about the great and their pride;They have spoken against you everywhere,But weigh this song with the great and their pride†¦ Imitated From the Japanese A most astonishing thing—Seventy years have I lived;(Hurrah for the flowers of Spring,For Spring is here again.) Lapis Lazuli I have heard that hysterical women sayThey are sick of the palette and fiddle-bow. Of poets that are always gay,For everybody knows or else should know†¦ Leda and the Swan A sudden blow: the great wings beating stillAbove the staggering girl, her thighs caressedBy the dark webs, her nape caught in his bill,He holds her helpless breast upon his breast. Long-Legged Fly That civilisation may not sink,Its great battle lost,Quiet the dog, tether the ponyTo a distant post†¦ Mohini Chatterjee I asked if I should pray.But the Brahmin said,pray for nothing, sayEvery night in bed†¦ Never Give All the Heart Never give all the heart, for loveWill hardly seem worth thinking ofTo passionate women if it seemCertain, and they never dream†¦ No Second Troy Why should I blame her that she filled my daysWith misery, or that she would of lateHave taught to ignorant men most violent ways,Or hurled the little streets upon the great. Responsibilities Pardon, old fathers, if you still remainSomewhere in ear-shot for the storys end,Old Dublin merchant free of the ten and fourOr trading out of Galway into Spain†¦ Sailing to Byzantium That is no country for old men. The youngIn one anothers arms, birds in the trees—Those dying generations—at their song,The salmon-falls, the mackerel-crowded seas†¦ Solomon and the Witch And thus declared that Arab lady:Last night, where under the wild moonOn grassy mattress I had laid me,Within my arms great Solomon†¦ Solomon to Sheba Sang Solomon to Sheba,And kissed her dusky face,All day long from mid-dayWe have talked in the one place†¦ Spilt Milk We that have done and thought,That have thought and done†¦ The Fascination of Whats Difficult The fascination of whats difficultHas dried the sap out of my veins, and rentSpontaneous joy and natural contentOut of my heart. Theres something ails our colt†¦ The Folly of Being Comforted One that is ever kind said yesterday:Your well-beloveds hair has threads of grey,And little shadows come about her eyes;Time can but make it easier to be wise†¦ The Gyres The gyres! the gyres! Old Rocky Face, look forth;Things thought too long can be no longer thought,For beauty dies of beauty, worth of worth,And ancient lineaments are blotted out. The Heart of the Woman O what to me the little roomThat was brimmed up with prayer and rest;He bade me out into the gloom,And my breast lies upon his breast. The Indian to His Love The island dreams under the dawnAnd great boughs drop tranquillity;The peahens dance on a smooth lawn,A parrot sways upon a tree†¦ The Indian Upon God I passed along the waters edge below the humid trees,My spirit rocked in evening light, the rushes round my knees,My spirit rocked in sleep and sighs; and saw the moor-fowl paceAll dripping on a grassy slope, and saw them cease to chase†¦ The Lake Isle of Innisfree I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree,And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made:Nine bean-rows will I have there, a hive for the honeybee,And live alone in the bee-loud glade. The Lover Asks Forgiveness Because of His Many Moods If this importunate heart trouble your peaceWith words lighter than air,Or hopes that in mere hoping flicker and cease;Crumple the rose in your hair†¦ The Second Coming Turning and turning in the widening gyreThe falcon cannot hear the falconer;Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world†¦ The Stolen Child Where dips the rocky highlandOf Sleuth Wood in the lake,There lies a leafy islandWhere flapping herons wake†¦ The Two Trees Beloved, gaze in thine own heart,The holy tree is growing there;From joy the holy branches start,And all the trembling flowers they bear. The Wild Swans at Coole The trees are in their autumn beauty,The woodland paths are dry,Under the October twilight the waterMirrors a still sky†¦ To a Poet, Who Would Have Me Praise Certain Bad Poets, Imitators of His and Mine You say, as I have often given tongueIn praise of what anothers said or sung†¦ When You Are Old When you are old and grey and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep†¦

Literature Review †Realistic Job Previews - 2053 Words

Literature Review – Realistic Job Previews Prior to the commencement of any occupation, every potential employee will want to know what jobs/duties they will be expected to undertake. However, how much information should potential employees have and to what degree does giving a realistic job preview translate into staff retention/profit to the business. This literature review will firstly look at what a realistic job preview is and its associated benefits. Secondly, examine some tests that have been conducted to justify its use. Thirdly, analyse issues regarding employee attraction. Fourthly, evaluate what variables affect realistic job previews. Lastly assess how realistic job previews should be administered for the greatest success. A†¦show more content†¦Secondly, as Ilgen and Seely (1974); Dean and Wanous (1984) discussed, another reason why RJP’s reduce turnover is by improving the way a new employee copes on the job, and thus reduces stress. The hypothesis is, â€Å"if employees are made aware of problems to be faced on the job, they cope with such problems better when they arise, either because they are less disturbed by problems about which they have been forewarned or because they may pre rehearse methods of handling these problems.† The last theory of why RJP reduces turnover is as Dugoni and Ilgen (1981) explains ‘the organisation is forming a sense of honesty and openness to create trust within the recipient.’ This in turn will create a sense of attractiveness to the employee and subsequently they will not be as likely to leave the organisation. Whilst there is evidence that realistic job previews can help the long term success of an organisation through reduced staff turnover, there can be downsides if undertaken in an incorrect manor. For example Bretz and Judge (1998) looked at aspects of applicant attraction. ‘This included the weight prospective employees place on negative information in comparison to other factors such as pay level, promotional opportunity and whether the â€Å"best† applicants react differently to negative information, in comparison to otherShow MoreRelatedNursing Turnover Costs And Its Prevention1530 Words   |  7 Pages2001). As a nurse manager, it is essential that efforts be made to slow the turnover rate in order to effectively stave off the negative effects on the organization as a whole. One way to combat the increase of turnover is by implementing a realistic job preview [RJP] as part of the recruitment process. 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In it, we (1) outline three general strategies for enhancing applicant attractionRead MoreRecruitment Term Paper4784 Words   |  20 Pages_______________________________________Page Introduction..................................................................01 Methodology...............................................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..........02 Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....03 Discussion Analysis Basic Questions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.07 Top Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.09 Middle Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....11 Bottom Line People†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 __ ___________________ _____Read MoreApplying Equity Theory to Staff Working with Individuals with Intellectual9188 Words   |  37 PagesJournal of Intellectual Developmental Disability, March 2009; 34(1): 55–66 LITERATURE REVIEW Applying equity theory to staff working with individuals with intellectual disabilities* PHILIP DISLEY1, CHRIS HATTON1 DAVE DAGNAN2 1 Lancaster University, UK and 2West Cumberland Hospital, Whitehaven, Cumbria, UK Abstract Background This paper provides an overview of the empirical research on equity theory amongst staff working in services for individuals with intellectual disabilities

Want to Know More About How to Essay Topics for College Students?

Want to Know More About How to Essay Topics for College Students? When you finish your research notes you can begin writing with confidence that you have all of the pieces you ought to create a wonderful essay. Students have a difficult time in writing if they don't have a draft or outline to follow. At times it only appears simple, but plenty of students forget about the kind of academic writing they have to follow. When students are writing their argumentative essays that must find, read and analyze a lot of material to do good. To choose which subject you're likely to discuss, it's vital to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topics from the specific area of study. Besides general knowledge you have concerning the subject, you won't mind dedicating some opportunity to research, writing procedure, and other elements essential for the high-quality essay. After you choose the procedure you need to concentrate on, you then need to earn a list of steps necess ary to attain the aims of the activity. Your response shouldn't be a book report. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't tricky to discover. You should first ascertain the reason behind your essay, before it is possible to write persuasive content about it. Promoting products via social networking influencers can be categorized as a sort of subconscious advertising. The content ought to be clear and simple to grasp. In case the majority is doing something, they have to be right. In order to create nice and attractive crime and punishment essay titles, you should first understand the goal of your essay writing and your target audience then your head will be clear to pick a path. To write an excellent argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, allowing them to make an educated stance. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an exampl e. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most significant matter to do is to select a topic and an argument you can really get behind. You always intuitively understand as soon as an intriguing essay idea is in fact the ideal idea for you. Maybe you simply do not know the subject well enough, and that's the reason you cannot locate the idea for your history essay. In an issue of speaking, picking out persuasive essay topics is similar to telling yourself what you wish to convey to the rest of earth. For instance, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing standpoint. Also, utilize all the scratch paper you require. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper will help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. Write clearly and show colleges how you think and exactly what you will add to the campus. Colleges wish to get to learn more about you. They are not looking for perfect people. They are more li kely to admit students who can articulate specific reasons why the school is a good fit for them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. Often college students get into a great deal of stress to get the correct topic for the essay. Select a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make sure that you know a lot about it! Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's important to at all times be critically considering the world around us. At the close of the day, the essay topics you pick can make a big effect on your final grade. Want to Know More About How to Essay Topics for College Students? Application essays about challenges reveal how you respond to difficulty to folks who are quite interested in how you'll deal with the subsequent four years all on your own. Life is much better than it was 50 decades ago. First off, select a topic that's interesting for you before you think how others are going to rea ct to it. How to Essay Topics for College Students Can Be Fun for Everyone An excellent essay should have essential points. The novel is full of supernatural events. In situations when you get to pick the topic for an argumentative essay, you need to be wise and locate a title that will intrigue a reader. You've got a guide and get ideas about what to do with your essay. There are numerous essay types, and at times the topic itself is as crucial as the form of the essay you're assigned. Think about this issue of the history essay you've already written before. If you wish to write a great history essay you'd better opt for a topic that is familiar to you. Things You Won't Like About How to Essay Topics for College Students and Things You Will Though some say completely free public transportation would assist the environment and decrease traffic, others think absolutely free public transportation is too pricey, and the government can't afford to cover it. The option of compare and contrast essay topics isn't a simple task because you should demonstrate your analytical skills. Colleges want a feeling of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate your private growth. In some instances, the college will give an essay topic for you. To compose a strong ar gumentative essay, students should start by familiarizing themselves with a number of the common, and frequently conflicting, positions on the research topic so they can write an educated paper. Remember your final grade significantly is contingent on the topic. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points that you could counter to your own points. You need to be very careful when choosing an essay topic. Pick an intriguing essay topic, and you are going to start enjoying it. Deciding upon the most suitable essay topic can occasionally be rather challenging. There are a few great topics to take into account when selecting topic for your argumentative essay.

Introduction to Hospitality and Tourism free essay sample

Activity of people taking trips away from home and the industry which has developed to cater to/support the needs of tourism. (does not include migrants, PR, illegal immigrants) History of tourism * Early travellers travelled for: 1) curiosity 2) food and hunting (survival) 3) trade (trade routes formed – silk road) 4) military control * Affluent (wealthy) population with time and money to travel – sightsee, experience other cultures and cuisines. Widely accepted currencies * Widely used languages * Development of infrastructure Grand Tour Era (1613-1785) * Trend of luxurious travel started by wealthy English * Developed as a status symbol and spread throughout Europe (favourite countries to visit – France, Italy, Germany and Switzerland) * Experience the ‘civilised world’ and study the arts and sciences * Travels often lasted for several years * Growth in travel for business reasons Mobility Era (1800-1944) * Growing economic prosperity * Advent of leisure time (paid leave) * Made leisure travel possible for working and middle classes * Availability of affordable travel Increase in systems, modes and speeds of travel * New forms of transport: roads, railroads, steamships * Thomas Cook developed tour packages for mass travel (organised 1st group tour in 1841) * Invention of automobile (Henry Ford – 1914) and airplane (Wright Bros – 1903) expanded freedom to travel. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Hospitality and Tourism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Modern Era (1945-Present) * Time, $, safety and interest in travel led to unparalleled growth of tourism (Diners club introduced internationally accepted credit card in 1950 = reduce hassle of foreign currency) * Advent of jet travel shortened travel time (1950’s) * Development of mass tourism * Group tours with planned itineraries Marketing of popular destinations through mass media Characteristics of tourism 1) An invisible export industry – intangible product and consumers make a purchase w/o seeing the product first 2) Require supporting Gamp;S i. e. expansion of infrastructure amp; services 3) Perishable e. g. if a hotel room is not booked one night, revenue lost forever) 4) Fragmented – consists of elements like transport, accommodation, landscape and cultural resources. 5) Subject to external influences i. e. currency, politics, tourist motivation, tastes, climate (winter, people travel to warmer countries for a holiday) Reasons for travel 1) Leisure/Pleasure (leisure, recreation, sightseeing, entertainment) 2) Business (meetings, conventions) 3) VFR (visiting friends, family amp; relatives, social) 4) Personal (study, health, religious) Integrated tourism model * Shows the dynamic and interrelated nature of tourism * The travelling public (tourists) are the focal point (heart) of the model * Tourism promoters link the traveling public with the suppliers of services * Tourism suppliers provide the services that tourists need when they travel * External forces affect all participants in tourism; tourists, promoters and suppliers. Tourist – Temporary visitors staying gt;24h in a destination outside their usual environment for leisure, business or other purposes. Excursionist – Temporary visitors staying lt;24h in a destination outside their usual environment for leisure, business or other purposes. (exclude travellers in transit) Types of travellers (according to the motivation amp; purpose for trip) 1) Leisure amp; Pleasure Travellers Travel for : * Leisure * Recreation (concert, sports event) * Holidays * VFR * Sightseeing * Experience new cultures amp; environments * Rest amp; relaxation 2) Business Travellers Travel for: * Business * Attend meetings, seminars, conferences, trade events * Incentives (rewards for good performance, hitting the target, exceeding budget sales) * May go sightseeing, shopping when business is done 3) Personal travellers Travel for: * Medical treatment * Religious reasons * Study * Personal challenge * Others (search for people, funeral) Free/fully Independent Travellers (FIT) * Not part of an organised tour group * Can be leisure, business or personal traveller Group traveller * Part of a larger, multiple travellers booking (package tour group, sports team) 1st Century traveller * ‘’ New ‘’ tourism is characterised by: * More experienced amp; knowledgeable travellers = more demanding of value * Travellers who are more environmentally aware and concerned * Seeking : individualized (vs mass) products that are less predictable, full of surprises. Discovery and new experiences Memorable experiences Tourism Demand (Push amp; Pull Motivations ) Push factors: (due to personality, needs/wants) 1) Desire for escape (from stress, noise) 2) Rest amp; relaxation 3) Health amp; fitness 4) Adventure 5) Prestige 6) Social interaction ) Novelty-seeking 8) Exploration 9) Enhance r/s 10) Learning new things 11) Desire for pampering/comfort 12) Being entertained 13) Hobbies Pull Factors: 1) Beaches 2) Recreational facilities 3) Historical sites 4) Budget 5) Cultural resources 6) Undisturbed nature 7) Ease of access 8) Cosmopolitan environment 9) Opportunities to increase knowledge 10) Opportunities to experience a different culture Tourism Demand: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Tourism Demand: The motivation to travel Tourism Demand: Factors influencing (Feeder Markets) 1) Economic * Personal disposable incomes Value of currency/exchange rates affects decisions on International vs domestic travel Increase/reduction in expenditure (leisure amp; business travellers) Increase/reduction in length of stay Method of travel 2) Social * Demographics (age, gender etc) affects motivation to travel (type of product/destination) * Leisure time (leave entitlements, school holidays) 3) Political * Taxation * Visa requirements * Other polices amp; restrictions Tourism Demand: Factors influencing (Destination) 1) Economic * Price (expensive or cheap destinations) 2) Supply of tourism products/services Competition may lead to more value, choice * Event or attraction at the destination 3) Political * Regulations on visitor quotas, visa, flights, infrastructure 4) Promotional efforts 5) Health, safety amp; security terrorism, war 6) Time amp; cost * The faster the visitors can access a destination, more popular it is (convenience amp; accessibility) 7) Seasonal variations * Escaping the hot/cold * Experiencing different climates * Volume of travel (demand) * Holiday/vacation periods * Calendar related events Tourism Demand: Factors influencing (change) Factors that can be forecasted: 1) Social impacts Ageing population, risi ng incomes, knowledgeable travellers 2) Technological impacts * Increased use of net for travel planning and purchases 3) Market changes * Budget airlines, Aamp;P efforts Factors that can’t be forecasted: 1) Economic impacts * Stock market crash, exchange rates 2) Outbreak of war 3) Terrorist attacks 4) Disease (sars, h1n1) 5) Climate change (tsunami) Tourism flourishes when: 1) Individuals have time and $ to travel 2) Travel is easy(accessible), safe and inexpensive 3) Currencies are easily exchangeable 4) Common languages spoken 5) Legal systems create personal safety Tourism challenges and opportunities 1) Government encourages growth of tourism as it creates jobs and brings money into the community or country. * also serves an important need for the consumer i. e. to travel * may affect social structure (quality of life) 2) unplanned tourism may lead to excessive demands of transportation, public services and degrade the environment, society and culture. * There are challenges as tourism industry grows. * Environmental problems – waste amp; rubbish, deforestation * Technological implication – shorter travel times, travellers more informed, cheaper travels. Potential influences – positive impact on culture of communities amp; countries tourist bring in bad influences, disease. Tourism in Singapore * Government targets to achieve tourism receipts of S$30b, visitor arrivals 17m, creating 100,000 additional jobs in service sector by 2015. * Set aside S$2b tourism development fund * Today, tourism industry contributes 3-5% to SG GDP * 2011, tourism receipts was S$22. 3b, industry employs gt;150,000 ppl * SG welcomed 13. 1m tourists in 2011 (increase 13%) * MBS – create 10,400 jobs by 2015 * RWS – over 40,000 jobs Tourism trend factors Opening of borders despite security concerns-easier to travel * Increase in disposable income and vacation time * Cheaper amp; more exclusive flights * More ppl with urge to travel * UN world tourism organisation forecasted that international tourism arrivals will grow by 3-4% * Asia is expected to lead this with a growth of 5-7% Lecture 2: Tourism Promoters Tourism Promoters 1) Act as the bridge between the travellers and the tourism service suppliers (middleman) 2) Provide professional travel services to travelling public 3) Distribution channel for products of tourism service suppliers like hotels, airlines, attractions. Advantages: 1) Tourism suppliers * Bulk selling of products (in advance via contracts) to tour operators – transfers risk to them * Reduce promotion cost * Concentrate on running business 2) Consumers * Convenience – tour packages reduces time amp; cost of searching for individual travel products * Specialist knowledge amp; advice 3) Destinations * Able to bring in volume business Wholesalers/Tour operators 1) Purchase tourism services (overall package price is still CHEAPER) in bulk at heavily discounted prices 2) Assemble and re-package elements ) Advertise and sell the packages for sale through travel agents (retailers) direct to the public at marked-up prices 4) Third party travel agents deliver each element on the ground 5) Some tour operations also operate their tour packages * Act as both tour operator/wholesaler amp; travel agent * i. e. they run the tour by providing the tour leader and the whole package themselves 6) Challenges/risks faced by tour operators in planning a package * Estimating likely demand Competition with other established TOs in marketing a destination * Major investment (monetary and manpower) in developing destination/package * Keeping prices lower than what consumers can find assembling the package themselves * The internet – consumers try to find cheaper alternatives Travel Agents 1) Serve as middleman 2) Sell travel product of tourism service suppliers and/or tour operators/wholesalers 3) Revenue primarily from: * Commissions charged on travel product bookings * Fees charged to clients for service rendered 4) TAs may specialize in certain areas of travel (e. g. ruise, business, adventure, MICE) or destination(e. g. SE Asia, N America, ) 5) TAs use computer reservation systems; i. e. Global Distribution System (GDS) to make travel product inquiries and bookings/purchases for travellers. 6) Allows TAs to seamlessly connect in real-time to hotels, airlines and rail networks worldwide and book rooms/seats offere d by them in the system. 7) Roles of TAs: * Make reservations/bookings * Plan itineraries * Calculate fares/charges * Produce tickets (e-ticketing) * Advise clients on destinations/travel products * Communicate with client and tourism product suppliers Maintain accurate records of reservations/bookings * Intermediary when customer complaints occur MICE (Meeting) Planners 1) Professionals engaged by corporations, associations etc. to organise al the details entailed in MICE 2) Act as middleman between meeting participants and suppliers (e. g. venue) 3) Plan and execute every aspect of the event/meeting including travel, accommodation, venue set-up, activities 4) Meeting planner must balance meeting costs with attendees’ expectations/demands 5) Type of MICE planners: * Conference organizers * Destination management companies (DMC) Incentive travel houses * Exhibition organisers * Event management companies * Convention bureaus Website operators (Direct marketers) 1) On-line Distribution – the buying and selling of travel product via the internet e. g. zuji, expedia, asia travel 2) Fees/c ommission are charged by websites for travel products sold 3) Website operators are like virtual travel agents 4) Other revenue-generating methods for websites operators: * Sale of advertising space * Additional fees/charges from suppliers for various supplementary services, i. e. higher/prominent position in product llisting Advantages of online travel bookings 1) Secure * With new security technology to encrypt credit card info etc 2) Many bargains/offers * Online vendors operate with lower cost and pass on savings to consumers 3) Last minute airline amp; hotel deals * Airline seats/hotel rooms that can’t be sold are offered very cheaply at the last minute by hotels and airlines 4) Convenience * Own time, own target 5) Can compare offers/prices * Usually a list of hotels with pricing is offered or grouped according to pricing, location, quality etc. 6) Can read feedback/review of services Very useful – what others have to say about the product 7) More info available * Some have links to other sites to offer more info International Tourism Organisations 1) World Tourism Organisation (WTO) * Only organisation representing all national and official tourism interests among members. (Working with respective country governments and their tourism boards, promotes development of responsible, sustainable, and universally accessible tourism. * Membership – 161 countries and territories, 390 affiliate members. Affiliate members representing private sector, educational institutions, tourism associations and local tourism authorities. Collects and releases statistics on international tourism. 2) International Air Transportation Association * Represents 230 airlines (93%) * Regulates international airlines including tickets, waybills, baggage checks, handling and accounting procedures, etc. * Develop industry-wide standards. * E-ticketing: Will reduce costs and improve passenger convenience (paperless, reduces ticket processing charges, greater flexibili ty to the passenger and the travel agent to make changes to itinerary) * Conversion to ET since May 31 ,2008 has saved the industry up to US$3b annually. IATA Clearing House provides a competitive, seamless secure service providing an efficient on-time settling of interline accounts between the world’s airlines, airline-associated companies and travel partners. 3) Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) * Development of the Asia Pacific travel and tourism industry. * Membership includes nearly 100 govt, state, ad city tourism bodies, more than 55 airlines and cruise lines, hundreds of travel industry companies, and thousands of travel professionals. * PATA Foundation awards grants for the preservation/conservation of heritage and natural tourism sites/attractions. PATA travel Mart International Tourism Organisations 1) International Civil Aviation Organisation 2) World Travel and tourism council National Tourism Organisations * NTO = Organisation through which national governm ents promote their countries. * Many state govts also have tourism boards to promote their states. Singapore Tourism Board Hong Kong Tourism Association South Australian Tourism Commission NTOs have two primary functions: 1) Collect visitor and industry tourism info/data for use by tourism industry. * Tourism businesses plan for growth/success (i. e. now who is visiting SG) * When tourism businesses prosper, economy prospers and employment and GDP goes up. 2) To promote the entire areas/countries as destinations * Individual tourism businesses do not have the means ($$) or willingness to promote an entire region/country (even if they combine their resources) – not economical * Tourists are first sold on a destination and they look for specific services like hotel accommodation, attractions e. t. c. Travel promoters will be: * More specialised and focused targeting niche segments of the travel market (e. g. ruise, biz travel) * Can’t be expected to have detailed knowled ge of all segments of travel, so will specialise to be able to provide customers with better service. General upward trend for travel Travel promoters will be: * More tech-savvy and develop software and networks that personalise travel needs from flight and hotel bookings to booking of concert and attraction tix. * More personalised – providing advice and expertise in travel planning for people who don’t have time to sift through sea of info on internet (esp on biz trips) Lecture 3: Transportation and MICE Importance of transportation Travel and tourism will cease to function w/o an efficient and effective transportation system. Facilitates movement of tourists from place of origin (i. e. home) to their destination and back. If people cannot ravel, there is no tourism. * Efficiency of transportation system means people now think of travel in terms of time rather than distance. * Transportation is not only an essential service element of tourism, it can form the focus of the tourism experience (e. g. tourism) Transport Suppliers * Transport system can be divided into 3 main categories: 1) Land-based transport 2) Water-based trans port 3) Air transport Transportation 5 modes 1) Car and car rentals * Located near airports for independent travel e. g. Avis, budget * Self-drive or limousine services * Cars offer flexibility in the way travellers travel and access tourism resources and sites. 2) Coach and buses * Domestic/intercity or short cross-border travel * Coach travel is on the decline due to faster and cheaper alternatives (e. g. air and rail) * Coaches are an important element in group tour travels * Introduction of luxury coach travel * Types of coach/bus services: * Express schedule coach services (domestic/international) * Private hire service for group travel Packaged tours on coaches * Urban/rural bus services to tourist locations * Airport taxi/shuttle services * Excursions, day trip, sightseeing tours in urban/rural areas * E. g. of coaches and buses (Aeroline, greyhound) 3) Rail Travel * Two forms of rail travel – 1) Combined leisure and business (scheduled services) 2) Leisure-based where train is the focus of the tourist experience * Rail travel includes – railways, subways, streetcars, cable cars * History of passenger rail travel: * First passenger rail service started on 17 sept 1825, England. * Later dining and sleeping (accommodation) cars were added. Today, trains can travel up to speeds of 430 kmh * Rail travel sometimes faster than air travel * Advantages: * Safety and comfort (spacious) * Rarely suffer from weather delays * Not subject to traffic jams/congestion * Inexpensive * Sights and scenery along the route * E. g. Eastern amp; Orient Express 4) Cruise Ships * Travel by ship mainly for getting from Point A to B before 1950s – ocean voyages * With increased travel by jet planes, ship travel shifted to cruising i. e. sailing for pleasure * More than 250 cruise ships worldwide carrying over 10m passegers annually. * Accommodation : cabins and suites Famp;B: restaurant a nd bars * Recreational facilities/activities e. g. swimming pool, spa, gym, sports and games. * Entertainment: Theatre (cinema and live performances), casino, shopping. * Cruise ships are very similar to resorts because of the many facilities * Facilities make cruise ships relatively self-contained * Cruise ships can also be called floating resorts and be considered destinations too. * E. g. easy cruise – budget, Royal Caribbean and star cruises – medium, Queen Mary ll – Super luxury * Ferries and pleasure craft: * Ferries used to cross water â€Å"barriers† e. g. the English channel, ellis island, SG to batam. Pleasure craft used to bring tourists on sightseeing/trips through waterways, rivers, canals e. g. duck tours, river boats. 5) Airlines * First commercial passenger flight on 25 Aug 1919 from London to Paris. * First jet passenger flight on 2 May 1952 from London to Johannesburg * Air travel has made the world a smaller place * 1. 5b air passenger trips recorded in 1999 * Projected over 2. 3b air trips by 2010 * Increase in air travels due to reduction in pr ice of tickets (increased competition among airlines, introduction of no-frills/budget airlines) * Scheduled vs chartered flights Airlines – Airbus A380 â€Å"SuperJumbo† * Set to revolutionise air travel * Larger passenger capacity(up to 555 pax), more spacious = more facilities and services, able to fly longer distances non-stop, environmentally-friendly(quieter engines, burns less fuel, less co2 emissions) * Airlines – Hub amp; Spoke system * Local flights carry passengers to a major regional airport (hub) where they can board long-distance or other local flights to their final destinations * A Hub is an airport that an airline uses as a transfer point to get passengers to their intended destination i. . they are centers for connections around the world. (SG’s airline’s hub is SG * Advantages: * More economical and efficient (max use of scares resources – fuel, manpower) * Airlines can maximize passenger loads from small cities, thereby saving fuel * Lower cost fr airlines that’s passed on to passengers * More frequent flights * Major operations (i. e. admin, maintenance) can be consolidated at the hub. * Disadvantages: * Problems, changes or delays aat the hub or route will have massice consequences to the flight network (e. g. ue to weather, mechanical problems) * Route scheduling more complicated – have to analyse and more precise to ensure efficiency of connecting flights * Longer travelling time compared to direct flights. * Airlines – Frequent Flyer Programme * American airlines intro the first frequent flyer program in 1981 to attract more customers and develop brand loyalty * Frequent flyer program (FFP) = earn air â€Å"miles† (i. e. points) when you fly on the airline offering the program, which you can accumulate and redeem for free travel and other rewards later. Some other FFPs: SG airlines – kris flyer, cathay pacific – asia miles, Japan airlines – JAL mileage bank. * Airlines have partnered with other organisations like hotels and credit card companies so members can earn â€Å"miles† when they stay at partner hotels and charge purchases to their credit card. MICE * Meetings , Incentives( incentive travel), conventions, and exhibitions (MICE) represent a segment of the tourism industry * MICE tourists spend twice as much $ then other tourists ( S$1,500 to S$1,800 per trip) SMERF (groups) * Social, Military, Educational, Religious, Fraternal (groups of boys coming tgt with common likes) Meetings Conferences, workshops, seminars or other events designed to bring people together for the purpose of exchanging info. * Meetings usually organised by: * Corporations and associations (biz) * Other groups like SMERFs Types of meetings: 1) Workshop * A small group led by a facilitator or trainer * Generally includes participant involvement exercises to enhance skills or develop knowledge in a specific topic * Training session emphasizing problem-solv ing, hands on exercises and requires the involvement of the participants 2) Clinic * A workshop-type educational experience in which attendees learn by doing e. . golf clinic, tennis clinic * Usually involves small groups interacting with each other on an individual basis. 3) Forum * An assembly for the discussion of common concerns * Usually experts in a given field take opposite sides of an issue in a panel discussion (e. g. debate) * Liberal opportunity for audience participation 4) Seminar * A lecture and a dialogue that allows participants to share experiences in a particular field * Guided by an expert discussion leader that encourages audience participation for QnA and debate 5) Symposium An event where a particular subject is discussed by several experts in front of an audience and opinions are gathered. Incentives * An exceptional travel experience reward to motivate and/or recognise participants for increased levels of performance (sales targets/productivity) Conventions * Annual gatherings of people who meet for a common interest * Generally larger meetings with some form of exhibition/trade show included. Exhibition * Also known as â€Å"expositions† or â€Å"shows† Designed to bring together purveyors of products, eqt and services in an envt where they can demonstrate their Pamp;S to attendees at a convention or trade/consumer show. * Consumer show vs Trade show * Consumer shows are typically open to the general public (PC Show) * Trade shows are u sually open to trade visitors only. Require pre-registration and proof that the person is from the trade (e. g. customer biz card, SG Airshow) Convention centres * Large facilities where meetings and expositions are held * Revenue(for convention centres) generated from: Rental of space/eqt, Famp;B, services, sale of advertising space Conventions: SACEOS * Singapore Association of Convention and Exhibition Organisers and Suppliers * Membership includes hotels, convention amp; exhibition organisers, travel agents, educational institutions (NYP) * Offers members a range of educational opportunities, industry standards and a global network of biz contacts * In 2001, the exhibition management services industry contributed a total spin-off of S$1. 068b towards the country’s economy and generated 14,760 jobs. Impact of technology on MICE Technology has allowed data/info to be available virtually everywhere * Data = Interest = Increased need for establishing personal contact * Technology and internet create demand for even more info. * Satellite and teleconferencing – real time * Audience expectations for more visually stimulating presentations Determining the site for a meeting * Geographic location of venue i. e. accessible to accommodation, Famp;B and meeting facility, service level. * Price (budget) * Personal safety * Local interest amp; attractions i. e. what participants can do after the biz meetings. Future of MICE * Technology will continue to drive changes in the industry * routine organisational tasks will be run o technology = efficiency * e. g. online registration, sending of programs via email * more international meetings due to globalisation of biz * heightened security due to increase in terrorist threats * shorter meetings due to financial constraints * more targeted, focused meetings * increase in incentives for repeat biz (i. e. loyalty0 Discount/upgrades/concessions if meeting is held again the next year at the same venue or hotel Mice trends globalisation/international participation i. e. more people going abroad for meetings * cloning of shows i. e. having same show in diff countries * competition – destinations competing to attract more MICE and building infrastructure to support * technology – more high-tech gadgets to make MICE more spectacular * number of shows is growing naturally Lecture 4: Lodging 1 Importance of lodging: * Need somewhere to st ay when away from home * Lodging facilities provide for travellers’ basic needs for safety, shelter and food * Bed, Famp;B, sanitary facilities (i. e. athroom, toilet), security (i. e. shelter from the elements and other dangers) * Lodging facilities support other tourism-related services like resorts, theme parks, tourists districts, meeting and convention centres. History of lodging * Age-old profession – since biblical times * Started as way stations for travellers needing a safe shelter for the night to rest during their journey (e. g. inns) * Evolved into local gathering places for meetings and entertainment * Taverns added to inns for travellers to eat and locals to meet * Inns expanded in size and became hotels Development in lodging facilities closely followed improvements in transportation * Early hotels built around seaports and railway stations Types of lodging facilities 1) Bed and breakfast (Bamp;B) * Offer a bed and breakfast to guests * Small operations offering only a few rooms for lodging usually a large house with extra rooms for rent to supplement household income * Usually family-run – owners/operators also stay in the house * Casual, friendly, personal attention – like a home-stay overseas * Low room rates * Japan (ryaokans) 2) Motels Originated from phrase â€Å"motor hotel† * Small establishments with only a few rooms and limited service – services offered just maid service and sometimes a small swimming pool, usually no Famp;B facilities * Parking is provided at or near the room for convenience * Room door opens to parking lot * Located along highways for drivers to rest for the night * Low room rates * People travelling from one state to another * Flamingo motel 3) Hotels * Establishment where travellers can pay for lodging, meals and other services * Main guest facilities and services include: Guestrooms and su ites * Restaurants and bars (Famp;B facilities) * Recreational facilities (e. g. swimming pool, gym, soa) * Biz centre * Meeting and conference facilities and services * Housekeeping and laundry services * Other guest facilities include: * Exclusive executive/club lounge area * Other guest services include: * Doctor on call 24h a day * Butler service * Wake-up call * Tour arrangement (e. g. city tours) * Limousine service * Other guest services: * Financial services like currency exchange * Postage/delivery service * Packing service Shoe-shine service * Porter service * Valet parking service * Biz centre – rental of HP, Fax, laptop * Concierge service = anything and everything from advice on concert tix, restaurant bookings, to tour arrangements Serviced apartments * Fully furnished and functional apartments with limited guest services including : * Housekeeping * Concierge and guest services officers * Recreational facilities (e. g. pool, gym) * Limited service public dining area * Fully functional kitchen in each apartment * Guests usually stay for longer periods of time Timeshare Also known as vacation ownership * Timeshares offer consumers opportunity to purchase fully furnished vacation homes for use during a specific period of time every year * Share the price of the home with others * Select when you want to use the home every year * Annual maintenance fee * Housekeeping and guests services * Purchase could be just for a specific number of years or for a lifetime * Its owners decide not to utilize their allotted week, they may also be able to get rental income if they allow the management to lease their units out to other vacationers. RV parks amp; campgrounds * Getting close to nature and experiencing the great outdoors – cheap way to stay while travelling, can bring a part of home with you in the RV when you travel * Advances in technology = more conveniences at campgrounds including: * Swimming pools, restaurants, shops, cable tv and electrical power points Hotel ratings * Many different rating systems for hotels worldwide – different countries have different rating systems * Rating systems measure a hotel’s quality in terms of: * Service * Amenities/facilities * Customer satisfaction Singapore has no official rating * Purpose of hotel ratings: * Establishes standardised approach to hotel service and product range * Communicates to consumers what is provided/to expect at each property * Enables hotels to position themselves to market, segment, and compete on the basis of its distinctive features * Amenities = facilities and services * E. g. restaurants * Recreational facilities * Biz servic es * Guest services * Meeting facilities * Comfort/luxury level of rooms (e. g. bed linen, toiletries) * Hotel ratings – stars 1-star (economy/budget) hotels meet a budget- traveller’s basic needs for comfort and convenience. No frills * 2-star (moderate) hotels meet a traveller’s basic needs for comfort and convenience – some may offer limited restaurant service, however room service is usually not available. * 3-star (first class) hotels offer a higher level of service with additional amenities, features and facilities – most properties in this category feature restaurants serving breakfast, lunch and dinner * Room service availability may vary Valet parking, swimming pools and small fitness centre are often provided * 4-star (superior) hotels are superior properties that distinguish themselves with a high level of service and hospitality, as well as a wide variety of amenities and upscale facilities – the comfort and convenience of the guest is the staff’s prevailing concern * 5-star (deluxe) luxury properties are members of an elite group of hotels that exhibit an exceptionally high degree of service and hospitality – the flawless execution of guest services is the staff’s prevailing concern – big driveway, antiques, expensive things. Other hotel ratings AAA diamond rating (USA) * 1-5 diamonds and â€Å"AAA approved†; similar criteria to general star rating system * Rated by AAA travel editors * Mobil travel guide (USA) * 1-5 star rating, similar to general star rating system * Rated by hotel inspectors. * Hotel amp; travel index (global) * From tourist to first class to deluxe * Based on reports from representatives(mystery shoppers), local and regional organisations and info from hotel or the hotel’s website * HTI editors rely heavily on personal judgement, as well as on confidential reports and reactions from HTI subscribers * Well-recognised in the travel industry Lecture 5: Lodging 2 Ways to classify hotels: 1) By location 2) By market price levels 3) By clients type (target market) Location: Resort Hotel * Destination locations for relaxation or recreation, where all services and entertainment are under one roof, attracting visitors for holidays or vacations * Self-contained * Generally, a resort is distinguished by a large selection of activities such as food, drinks, lodging, golf, water sports, entertainment and shopping * Enough activities and attractions to keep visitors occupied for a couple of days * â€Å"captive clientele† Usually located far from external services and amenities * Everything guests need can be found in the resort * Diversified marketing mix * Families * Couples * Groups(young and old) – retirees, eco-tourists * Originally began due to rail travel * Greenbrier in west virginia, the halekulani in Waikiki, Hawaii , the ritz carlton kapalua in maul, Hawaii. Location: Airport hotels * High occupancy due to location * Biz, group and leisure travellers * Full service * 200-600 rooms Convenient location – next to or in airport, especially for travellers in long transit wanting to rest * Airport shuttle service (from hotel to airport) * Economical pricing (due away from the city) Location: Freeway hotels * Prominent in the 1950s * Easy access to roadways – because located along freeways * Park outside the room entrance * E. g. motel 6 Classifying hotels by price segment * Based on average rate for a standard room: * Budget – hotel 81 * Economy – Ibis * Mid-price – orchard hotel * Up-scale – marina mandarin * Luxury – St. Regis All-suites – raffles hotel Classifying hotels by target market * Sources of demand for accommodation: * Biz travellers * Leisure travellers * Tour groups * Conference participants * Govt officials/military * Other users ( e. g. medical tourists, educational groups etc) * Casino hotels * Growth segment * Low roo m rates as main revenue source is from casino * Themes are popular e. g. venetian, luxor, treasure island, circus-circus * 500-plus guest rooms * Variety of Famp;B operations * Subsidized Famp;B offerings, e. g. $2 buffet * Convention hotels (convention consumers) Cater to large groups * 500-plus rooms * Larger public areas to accommodate greater public demand * Large banquet/ function areas w/n and around the hotel * High percentage of double occupancy (2 ppl in the room) * Full-service oriented * Hilton Americas – houston * Full service hotels * Typically â€Å"biz oriented† (i. e. biz travellers) * Multiple Famp;B outlets * Meeting and convention services * Chain hotels e. g. the four seasons, Shangri-la hotels amp; resorts * Boutique hotels * Target a very niche market of travellers * Characteristics: Small but exclusive developments (under 100 rooms) * Unique decor/theme/design that’s departure for the norm * Intimate ambience makes guests feel comfortable, at ease and at home * High level of personalized service * Attracts niche market segments who are looking for something unique and a departure from the standard hotel product * E. g. ice hotel in Swedish Lapland, treetops hotel in Kenya Organisational structure of a large hotel: various departments * Front office * Also includes reservations, bell desk, concierge, telephone sections Check in/out of guests, guest messages, handle guest enquiries/complaints, currency exchange, baggage handling, wake-up call, reservations * Housekeeping * Includes laundry, f lorist, seamstress, staff uniforms, hotel linen * Cleaning of guest rooms and public areas, decor * Food amp; beverage * Includes kitchen, restaurants, bars and lounges, stewarding(clean dishes), banquet/catering * Famp;B service, food preparation, cleaning and maintenance of Famp;B equipment * Security * Safety of the hotel, guests and staff, first aid, fire fighting * Fitness centre/spa Also includes all other recreation facilities * Recreational facilities bookings and maintenance, spa services, training, health /fitness consultancy * Sales amp; marketing * Also includes room, MICE and catering/banquet sales, marketing communications * Sale of rooms and meeting facilities and services, implementing Aamp;P, planning of client events * Engineering/maintenance * Includes electricians, painters, carpenters * General maintenance and repair of hotel furniture and fixtures * Human resource * Includes training * Recruitment, training and retention of staff, staff welfare and admin matters. Finance * Includes purchasing, cost control, MIS (management info system), night auditor * Handles all hotel accounts and transactions with guests and suppliers, purchasing, costing, payroll, receiving (of goods) and store Management structures: 1) Owner-managed * Owner of property manages/runs hotel * Independent properties e. g. Bamp;Bs, boutique hotels * Advantages: * Not bound by cor porate policies – easier decision making * Creative and quicker response to guests needs * Disadvantages * Lack of marketing, management, systems operations, financial support * E. . scarlet hotel 2) Franchise * Hotel owner (franchisee) pays a fee/buys the rights to use the brand and operating systems of a recognised hotel brand fom the franchisor (brand owner) * Franchisor – the parent company, gets royalty and dees from franchisees * Application fee(1-time) * % of annual revue/room revenue * Marketing/reservation fees * Benefits to franchisee * Set of plans and specifications for hotel building * National advertising * Centralised reservation system * Participation in volume purchasing discounts * Listing in the franchisor’s directory Low fee percentage charged by credit card companies * Drawbacks to franchisee * Lack of operational power – must conform to franchisor’s standards * Must meet standards as set by franchisor * High fees – both to join and ongoing * Central reservations produces 17-26% of reservations only * Benefits to fran chisor * Increased market share/recognition – allows for a company to expand rapidly * Up-front fees – uses other people’s money (franchisee) * Disadvantages to franchisor * Need to be careful in selection of franchisees * Difficulty in maintaining control of standards 3) Management contracts Hotel owner engages the services of a hotel management company to run and manage the hotel * The players – owner (financial responsibility) , management company (operational responsibility (market and manage) * Fee structure – annual fee 3-6%of total room revenue , profit sharing * A way for hotel chains to expand w/o capital investments in physical facilities * Benefits of management contracts: * Management quality can be improved as targeted expertise can be obtained * Documented managerial effectiveness is available * Payment for services can be tied to performance Partnership opportunities are enhanced 4) Chain operations * Group of related properties with common ownership and/or management control * Usually a combination of ownership, management contracts and franchises * All hotels in the chain usually operate under the same brand name * Similar benefits as franchise operates * Global expansion by a hotel brand can be achieved by several market entry choices: * Franchising its operation to other biz in other countries * Licensing other companies or properties to operate using its brand/logo * Management contracts (non-investment) Acquiring overseas properties/interests * Engaging in mergers/joint ventures to horizontally integrate biz interests to operate in a number of countries. Lecture 6: Famp;B 1 * Provision of Famp;B is key to fulfilling basic human needs: physiolog ical and social needs * Tourists provide important source of revenues to some but not all food service operations – depends on location and targeted segments e. g. newton food centre, restaurants at boat, Clarke and Robertson quay. * Many Famp;B establishments rely on local customers. Development of Famp;B * Travel and discovery * Exploration was motivated by discovery of new food and led to spread of Famp;B options * Colonization/immigrants increased popularity of regional cuisines e. g. afternoon tea, peranakan * Food preferences motivate travel to destinations * The beginnings of modern foodservice practices: * France is credited with First restaurant * Most early lodging places and restaurants offered simple table d’hote menu (menu of the day) * The beginnings of modern foodservice practises: Marie-Antoine Careme’s (1800’s) grand cuisine (haute cuisine) led to the creation of the first a la carte restaurant known as â€Å"the chef of kings and the king of chefs† Also probably the first celebrity chef * The beginnings of modern foodservice practises: * Georges auguste Escoffier working in the Savoy hotel (paris) and carlton hotel (London) changed the methods and organisation of modern food service and kitchens. * Nowadays, there are many Famp;B options: * Commercial restaurant operations vary from elegant, full (slow) service to quick service. * Food service include: * Company (staff canteen) Recreational (Famp;B at attractions/theme parks) * Institutional (school/hospital food) * Transportation food service (airlines, ships, trains) * Lodging properties (hotel restaurants) * Banquet/meeting and catering facilities * Successful Famp;B operators differentiate their operations by focusing on guest service, price quality (value), unique food selection and dining experience * Typical designs for delivering Famp;B: * Designed to serve â€Å"captive audience† (canteen, recreational, institutional) * Designed to attract guests (passer-by) who have many providers to choose from (e. . all restaurants at boat quay) Role of Famp;B * Famp;B operations may be used to attract guests to a hotel/resort property – people stay at or visit the hotel because of the restaurant * Famp;B may be offere d to fulfil the need for food, often used to increase the overall productivity/offerings of hotel/resort property – restaurant is there for convenience of guests who need to eat. Restaurants * Vital part of daily life * Many people patronize restaurants several times a week for social purposes as well as to eat and drink * Offer society a place to relax and â€Å"restore† Offer an opportunity to enjoy the company of friends, family, colleagues, associates Restaurants classification 1) Fine-dining * Formal/serious dining restaurant * Usually very highly-rated * Luxurious interior/furnishings * Serving the best cuisine/food in various courses at leisurely pace (slower service0 * Best chefs * Impeccable service * High price * Good selection of menu items made on premises * Everything made from scratch in the kitchen * No instant/processed food * E. g. Le Bec Fin (French) * Philadephia, USA One of the best restaurants in the world * Chef and owner Georges Perrier * Mobil 5 star and AAA’s 5 Diamond awards * Best restaurants – El Bulli (Spain), chef Ferran Adria Reasons for fewer of fine-dining restaurants * Labour-intensive that require high level of skilled labour * Overhead costs may not be reasonable * Economics of scale not easily reaped as restaurants usually have limited seating and everything is prepared fresh so can’t order in bulk to store * High setup cost * Consistency and quality not easy to maintain Only niche or limited market appeal 2) Themed restaurants * Hard rock cafe (original rock opened in London, 14 ju ne 1971 * Rainforest cafe 3) Celebrity owned * Owned by celebrities such as Michael Jordan, Dan marino, steven segal 4) Casual dining restaurants * Moderately priced * Relaxed dining in a casual/relaxed atmosphere * Mid-scale casual restaurants: * California Pizza kitchen * Tony Roma’s 5) Specialty restaurants * Specialised in certain kinds of food or cooking techniques e. g. seafood, steak, grill ) Quick service/ fast food * Better known as fast food * Limited menus * Theme-related (i. e. pizza, burgers, chicken) * Guests help to defray labour costs by self-serving and clearing. Lecture 7: Famp;B 2 * Types of beverage outlets: * Lobby bar * Restaurant bar * Catering and banquet bar * Pool bar * Night clubs/disco * Sports bar * Minibar (in room) * Hotel beverage outlet: * Place to relax and socialize for both biz and pleasure * Usually serving alcoholic beverages * Profit margin for beverage is higher than food Unlike food, beverages can be held over if not sold (not as perishable as food) * Hotel restaurants: * Number and type depends on type of hotel * Typically run by restaurant manager who is responsible for: * Overseeing the day-today operation of the restaurant including cleaning, floor plan lay-out, table settings and theme of the restaurant * Hiring, training, supervising, rostering, promoting and firing staff * Working with the chef to determine menu plans on daily basis, for special events or oc casions or for groups or parties. Purchasing all items including food, beverages, eqt and supplies (excluding kitchen food prep ingredients chef job) * Managing all accounts , handling payroll and hiring accountants or book-keepers if required * meeting, greeting and getting feedback from customers (customer service) * Advertising and marketing the restaurant w/n the community Stewarding department * Responsibilities of Chief steward: * Cleanliness of back of house * Cleanliness of glassware, china and cutlery * Inventory of cleaning chemical stock * Maintenance of dishwashing machines * Pest control * Set-up and take-down of buffet lines, food displays Catering department * Includes a variety of occasions when people may eat at varying times * Banquets * Referring to groups of people who eat together at one time and one place * These two terms are used interchangeably Catering department – organisation * Catering director must work with: * Director of sales – MICE requirements * Famp;B director – budget and support * Executive chef – food requirements * Catering services manager – staff and operations * Responsible for selling and servicing all catering for receptions, banquets, meetings and exhibitions/ shows Catering – Banquet event order (BEO) Contains all info pertinent to the event that has been planned * Event details: * Client contacts * Hotel rep handling event * venue * Famp;B requirements: * Menu: Famp;B * Special dietary requests * Beverages served * Room set-up: * Table and chair set-up, stationery, decor, stage, dance floor, flip charts * Include diagram of layout * AV requirem ents: * Billing instructions : * Who and how to settle * Deposit received (if any) Catering types 1) Tea/coffee break * Usually offered to meetings during mid-morning or afternoon * Served either inside or just outside the meeting room Finger foods and snacks (self service) * Coffee and tea 2) Cocktail/ tea reception * Served during events like product launches, pre-dinner/show, weddings, corporate/networking events * Guest usually standing and free to move around and mingle * Alcoholic and/or non-alcoholic drinks * Finger-foods (Hors d’Oeuvres) either served or self-served from chafing dishes * Plates with special glass holder 3) Working lunch * Usually offered to meetings where they do not break for lunch * Served inside meeting room * Food served may include : Simple finger food (sandwiches), set meals, self-service buffet * Non-alcoholic drinks, coffee/tea 4) Dinner banquet * Usually for celebrations like weddings, Damp;D , anniversaries * Service style and food can range from fine dining to casual * food served in three ways: * Communal dining (Chinese dinner style) * Individually plated (western style) * Self-service (buffet style) * Alcoholic and non alcoholic drinks, coffee tea Room service/in-room dining * Typically found in larger hotels amp; resorts * Usu ally available 24h * Level of service and menu vary * Challenges: * Delivery of orders on time (and quality) Making it a profitable department * Avoiding complaints * Forecasting Managed services * Food service operations contracted out to professional management companies * Can be found in segments like: * Leisure and recreation centres/attractions * Conference cnetres * Airportd * Military * Airlines * Schools, colleges and universities * Healthcare facilities * Biz and industry * E. g. SATS catering, Singapore food industries – MINDEF * Challenge to please guest and client * Guests are captive audience (may not have alternative dining option) * Foodservice may not be the primary biz e. . SATS has passenger services/cargo amp; mail handling/ aircraft interior cleaning * Food produced in large quantities * Volume of biz is consistent Contract management * Financial * Cheaper to outsource than build and run a whole food service facility yourself * Quality of program * Can hold contractor accountable to a higher level of performance * Expertise in management and operations * Resources available – they buy in bulk and possess necessary eqt * Recruitment of management and staff labour relations * Outsourcing of administrative functions Building profitable operations * Famp;B industry faces thin profit margins and fierce competition * Highest failure rate of all types of biz – 70-80% of all new restaurants fail w/n the first 3 years of biz, owners often do not have the biz skills to succeed * Benchmarks used to measure performance (Famp;B % cost) * Balancing payroll costs with productivity * Food quality and cost are the results of effective purchasing * Using technology to improve service delivery * 70-80% of all new restaurants fail w/n the first 3 years of biz usually because of: * Lack of experience Insufficient capital * Poor location * Poor inventory management * Over investment in fixed assets * Poor credit arrangements * Personal use of biz funds * Unexpected growth * Competition * Low sales * Benchmarking = % total sales used for food cost, labour and others * Food cost = 28-32% * Labour = 30-33% * Others = 30% * Income before tax = about 4-10% only Hotel Famp;B trends * Use of branded restaurants â €“ hotels opting not to offer self-operated, Famp;B facilities – leasing to branded chains/celebrity chefs * More casual atmosphere * Standardized menus in hotel chain Use of technology in guest services and overall operations General Restaurant trends * Demographic targeting * Branding through franchising/chains * Alternative outlets * Globalisation * Continued diversification * More twin and multiple locations * More points of service * More hyper-theme restaurants * Chains vs independents Restaurant operations trends * More flavourful food * Increased takeout meals and home meal replacement * Food safety and sanitation * Guests becoming sophisticated * More food court restaurants * Segments are splitting to tiers Quick service restaurants in convenience stores * Difficulty in finding good employees Beverage trends * Comeback of cocktails * Designer bottled water * Microbreweries * More wine consumption * Increase in coffee houses and coffee intake * Increased awareness and action to avoid irresponsible alcoholic beverage consumption. Lecture 8: Ancillary tourism services (IMPORTANT) There are services that depend largely or entirely upon the movement of tourists but are seldom considered to be part of the tourism industry itself. 1) Customs services 2) Visa issuing offices ) Companies specialising in design and construction of hotels, theatres, restaurants and other centres of entertainment. Ancillary Tourism Services * A category of miscellaneous tourism services provided to tourists or to the suppliers of tourism services. * Services to the tourist: 1) Guides and tour leaders 2) Animateurs 3) Financial services 4) Incentive travel vouchers Tour guides * Role of guides is to shepherd, guide, supervise, inform and interpret for groups of tourists participating in tours * Guides can be : 1) Employees of carriers or tour operators 2) Independent agents 3) Freelance agents Guides may be only distinguishing feature a packaged tour 9when all packages seem similar) * Guides also function to provide sight-seeing commentary on country/region * Some companies combine the roles of coach driver and guide to save (possibly unsafe or inadequate) * Tour guides must be licensed in SG. 1) Pass the general tourist guide exam 2) Must take the general tourist guide course to prepare themselves for the exam 3) Official SG guides website: guides online * General Tourist Guide (GTG) Licensed by STB to promote and conduct tours w/n SG for a fee * Taxi Tourist Guide (TTG) GTG is licensed to conduct a tour using the taxi as a mode of transport (i. e. ferry tourists around using taxi) * Specialised Tourist Guide (STG) A tourist guide licensed by STB who has the knowledge and ability to provide guiding services in fields such as Nature, food, art Animateur * Members of the tourism industry who entertain tourists by: 1) Acting out a role 2) Providing entertainment 3) Providing instruction * Animateurs interact with tourists in a broad range of roles that will enhance the destination or attraction where they work. Financial Services * Financial services for tourists include: ) Insurance 2) Foreign exchange and credit Insurance * Important and often essential aspect of a tourist’s travel arrangements that may include: 1) Cancellation or curtailment of holiday 2) Medical/hospitalisation coverage 3) Personal accident 4) Delayed departure 5) Loss/damaged baggage 6) Loss of money 7) Personal liability * Some policies include coverage for collapse of trav el agency/tour operator * Policies may be purchased: 1) As part of travel package from tour operator 2) From independent insurance company * Insurance may be provided free as an attractive incentive in marketing tour packages Foreign transactions amp; credit * Many ways for travellers to pay for goods and services while abroad 1) Cash in foreign currency 2) Traveller’s checks in foreign currency 3) Advance transfer of funds to specified foreign bank 4) Using travel (pre-paid) vouchers (for tourism service) 5) Credit/charge cards * Travel vouchers with monetary value that holders can exchange for preferred travel products and arrangements, usually through specified travel agents (given as rewards for achievements) * Services to the tourism supplier: 1) Education and training * Tourism-related training options in SG: Polytechnics SHATEC(culinary arts, Famp;B, hospitality and tourism) ITE NTU(cornell – Nanyang institute of hospitality management) Private institutions( tourism management institute of SG (TMIS) by NATAS 2) Trade press * Weekly and monthly journals devoted to travel and tourism (covers news of social and commercial activities, job classifieds) * Best way for tourism industry employees to update their knowledge of travel and tourism products * Main weekly trade papers(free): travel trade gazette, travel weekly * Travel guides/directories and timetables E. g. Hotel amp; travel index (HTI), SG convention amp;exhibition directory, official Airline guide (OAG) * Many publications and guides also have online versions to cut cost. * Podcast (some spoken-word guides available on internet allowing people to download and save on an MP3/media player) 3) Marketing consultants and Aamp;P agencies * Services that provide marketing support to the tourism industry include: 1) Marketing consul tants 2) Representative agencies 3) Advertising agencies 4) Brochure design, print and distribution services ) Suppliers of tourism point-of-sale material 6) Research and public relations organisations * Marketing consultants * Offer advice to companies on organisational and operational issues such as positioning, Pamp;S enhancement, feasibility studies, installation of a new computer system * Representative agencies * Biz that act as general sales and marketing agents for a company w/n a defined territory (usually abroad) for a retainer or commission on sales – mostly in hotel sector * Advertising and promotional (Aamp;P) agencies Usually agencies that specialise in handling travel and tourism a/cs * Services provided include design and placement of ad campaigns, design and printing of marketing/promotional material (e. g. brochures, CD-roms, websites), marketing research, Public relations, direct marketing services (e. g. direct mail distribution, email blast) 4) Technical services * Specialist computer experts who: 1) Designs and implement purpose-made systems for the tourism industry such as property management systems (e. g. opera, HIS), accounting systems, eservations sy stems (for hotels, travel agents, airlines) 2) Help maintain the sophisticate computers systems for tourism suppliers Lecture 9: Destinations, attractions and entertainment Attractions: Natural locations or constructed facilities that have a special appeal Entertainment alternatives are usually temporary (e. g. events and festivals) People have always travelled to experience the special attraction of distant places.